Calculator tool
Standard deviation measures how spread out numbers are from the mean. Population SD uses N; sample SD uses N−1 (Bessel's correction). A small SD means data is clustered near the mean.
Review the inputs carefully and treat the output as an estimate. For decisions involving money, taxes, health, law, or security, compare the result with trusted professional guidance when needed.
When do I use sample vs. population standard deviation?
Use population SD when you have data for an entire population. Use sample SD (with N−1) when your data is a sample drawn from a larger population — it corrects for bias.
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